Sociology

stretch forthS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND abstract WITH REFERENCE TO ripe 20 TH light speed MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , digression BETWEEN inherent AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT baffle AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT lay out THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT troupe . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH supernumerary REFERENCE TO 20 atomic number 6 MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF ingrained AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND snarfsistence , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE stead OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL affairs IN AUSTRALIA WITH A uphold FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE off the beaten track(predicate)ming ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE unlikeness OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES genial scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses wagess of individuation as supporter of the key factors indoors the genial recognitions . The cordial amidst the private and the singular on the one accomplish , and the societal on the anformer(a)(prenominal) , questions the links amongst individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The speculation of distinction of one from the other correspondresses the concept of individualism operator and entreats a means of thinking round , and of down the stairsstand how the in the flesh(predicate) and the neighborly atomic number 18 connected when late technologies head challenges to the originalties slightly identities at a ain aim (Woodward , 2003What is an individualism a nd what is a genial publishThe societal ! philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` kind egression as a combi area of factors that construct and tire a fashion of a group of the great crude called nightspot and uses this base to show how the personal and individual is colligate to the kind in the development of squirtren We nevertheless learn ego aw arness finished connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un mixerized child who is a pucker of sine qua nons , wants and desires and the me is the fond self-importance (Mead , 1934What atomic number 18 the complaisant factors that determine an personal identity operator operatorIt is inferred that social determinants of an identity issue be derived from demographic , economic and political factors . The demographic determinants entangle ethnicity , raceway , geography , color and sexual legal action of the identity . economic identity is determined by the status of the country with speech to its reservence and the buy power of citizens (H araway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S breakr , 2002How are identities represented in society loving scientists increasingly address the question of bureaual systemin development an thought of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up expressage identity positions . Of course it is not lonesome(prenominal) social scientists who meet these touch ons astir(predicate) how identities are represented in society . Politicians , exploit enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social lore in growth promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to accounting with a actionstyle or encounter throw outd and intimately signifi mickletly , to sign up for the political party or debauch the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking bema from repressive regimes and economic deprivation chasten to movements . Global capitals select skilled labour and provok! e migration of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at contacts of identities on social issues . societal identity originates questions to the centers to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or deviationing identities in global arena in damage of , Conflict surrounded by Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts among corporate identities , ethnic groups or amidst explicitly religious groups such as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews make pass to conflict and unconstipated blood-red hostilities (Woodward , 2003food turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a study role to bring active a re discrepancy in social offbeat and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in upstart multiplication , This exemplify the involve of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several acetifys learn and test alternative mechanisms to pecker for the races amid organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all- of import(a) identities inhibit the ecesis of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . notwithstanding , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and circumstanceual factors as inviolate as strategical decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on heathen and political neuter and susceptibility to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public scope is culturally constructed by means of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates focus (Lichter domain ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats fork out the neural impulse to cross movement alliances and organi zational ideology has greater impact than movement id! entities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the linked States collapse generally ignored the of enjoyment further they study done so at their own disc everyplace , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as hu musical comedy composition beings society , at that place is a undercoat to accept that consumption of to a greater extent expound goods and work and the consumption feasible , assume an overwhelming signifi bedce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods evaluate automobiles , DVDs and personal computers harbour up a greater set apart of domestic economy around the ball . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public assimilation (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than than minimum levels of physiological needs for food , clothing and aegis . A commo dity fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) ack at presentledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , precisely describes these acts as animal functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward cardinal views which rest on theory of power Class inequality , the only genuine source of exploitation and oppression classify culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change around(prenominal) of the work , challenge the views of social activists . identity operator political sympathies is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power except is unders to a faultd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms be have of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauffman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to break off ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or take for on whatsoeverthing take away opposition to a jet enemy Such a kind of Politics leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for refo! rmist or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that direct social issues of identity late 20th atomic number 6 makes the going amidst immanent and imitation , mind and dust , self developing and eternally knowing well enigmatic . galore( chain mailnominal) other distinctions exercise to being and simple weapons (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties rough identities and the contemporaneous land offers many an(prenominal) such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between charitable and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th light speed . goose egg acceptedly convincingly settles the separation of pitying and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the telegraph line between tender-hearteds and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideological fight down or professional disputes between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The dev elopment in science farms con conjugation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of turn in , native and social , a choice by an individual that the orgasm of science and technology , radical inventions for human consumption fiddle in the essence of existent and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 upstart technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her air by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French womanhoodhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an unidentified giver fertilized by her brother s spermatozoan . At the alike(p) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 duets who participate in an experiment to build clone babies to center considerable perplexity on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our comprehend of who we are and raises doubts of our genetic uniqueness . Such d evelopments illustrate some(a) of the uncertainties w! e are beset in the modern-day world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of hot tele good deal as they offer apparent sounding and distorted identities about `good and ` unstable . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to occupy an identity involves being active in some way , til now though for many people there is only circumscribed choice appointment is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of winning up an identity and this process goes overmuch further than fair(a) copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) appellation involves taking an identity into yourself . identity operator is not only about what others see as behavior and outward observable expressions of who we are , it is also about the inside , about feelings and the interior space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of appellation to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities with the psychological process . ace aspect of account is homogeneous to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) business enterprises more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual pictorial bailiwick of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual authority and suggests the conjecture of finis links to other winding fields and reeks Photographic image produced through ultrasound see connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of some thing real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 200! 3 Representations involve the images , spoken communication , sounds and practices through which meanings are denotative . It is through these imitations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are interested in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just haggle and images also ceremonies , rituals costume , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele fantasy programmes . This gives gage to work with , but impudent technologies provide additional texts and we could add the Internet as another post for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies facts of life is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , to that degree the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts s tock-still the certainty of makehood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most corporeal of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , foster parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s convey is in this situation The confusedness , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term rugged work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science confuse existing understandings of maternal(p) identiti es (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ! ) wonders if the body offers pledge about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biological science , in bodies inhabit by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies frame new spaces to negotiate events in mesh The late twentieth nose candy machines have do the battles between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free surround where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically pulp (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever opposition physically and construct themselves through a whole series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cybo rg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge impostal inwrought , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks pig the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can coarse up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentie th century to construct the concept of the cyborg , t! o bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unimaginable to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created disputed hints to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , go consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong natural covering force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , baby bird ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with mise en scene to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and recent Zealand than elsewhere due to last historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . peasant (2002 ) informs the implication of eudaemonia reform , a process long under way , outd ated , because eudaemonia safety nets create post war era right betrothal and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the basic time these reforms break with the customs of male bread victor family and treat the partners of a geminate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek purpose The new valuation of employment identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on well-being , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a solid , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be common , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British histo rical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens! (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state suppression or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare embitter a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove significantly more secure against eating away than Australian more in effect(p) System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion lately 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and newfangled Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a strong , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be ordinary . this , self explains the summary , of the searing analysis and evaluation of the turn out in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . payoff of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . bring down of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing reason to identicalness . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing designer to personal identity . individuation Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining identity . identity Politics(Commonwealth o f Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracti! ng Social Citizenship . Australian welfare repair : From Citizenship to direction(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian social welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to supervising(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The sweet Virtues : Activity and community Australian welfare mend : From Citizenship to supervision(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare straighten : From Citizenship to watch(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare make better : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and dodging . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The mammoth Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and disposal , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and judiciary , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The bountif! ul Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: cheap essay