Extended commentary of During Wind and Rain by Thomas Hardy Essay Example for Free

Extended commentary of During Wind and Rain by Thomas Hardy EssayOn the Title An ambiguous and interesting survival of title, in that it is as I leave alone show both incongruous with the tense (or time-scale) used in the poem and draws the readers attention to descriptions of the weather. The invent during makes the weather conditions affect the present. However, the poem is mostly written in the historic present and many of the stanzas depict word pictures of bright, pleasant days not the wind and rainwater all in alluded to in the title. There is clearly an intentional discrepancy universe orchestrated here by Hardy.Quote SLS Beware during, the incongruous preposition.Overall construction Four stanzas of seven stemmas, with a very strange (but regular) poesy scheme. Hardy uses a very odd structure indeed. The rhyme scheme utilised in the poem consists of ABCBCDA.There are multiple effects of this* The sixth line in the stanza breaks the poetic flow of the stanza , as it is the yet line not to rhyme with another hence dressing like a mid-stanzaic volta. It draws attention to itself. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that the sixth line of every stanza breaks a steering from the melodic theme of familial happiness painted in the previous five lines, and turns the subject to the contrasting theme of death. Observe the refrains used* The drawn out A rhyme encompasses the entirety of individually stanza. Given that the stretch out line (about death) is linked to the first (about look), is Hardy trying to show the unavoidable connection of life and death?* 7 lines to each stanza perhaps counterbalance a week, just as the four stanzas represent the seasons? Very poor allusion.Themes remnant, Family life, Time, The Seasons.Difficult Language flavours Blithely means mirth all-encompassingy.First Stanza namesThey sing their dearest songs He, she, all of them yea,Treble and tenor and bass,And one to playWith the candles mooning e ach faceAh, no, the years OHow the sick leaves totter mastered in throngsThis poem is one full of repetition and refrain. The general layout of each stanza, in terms of theme, organisation and repetition of certain lines, remains constant. Each stanza, for example, opens with an image of a family presumably the same one throughout in a settle, or carrying out an action, in a unified and happy way. This stanza evokes a scenery of the Victorian family gathered, singing, around a piano (one to play), as piano playing and sing-a-long was, of course, very common in Hardys time.Note how he wholly uses personal pronouns distancing effect?Hardy goes to perhaps extreme lengths to show the familys unity. On a critical note, one could criticise his earlier inefficient use of the first four lines of this poem, but that is not our aim. Some analysis* They sing their dearest songs. Note the use of a superlative adjectival in dearest. It is the first of many. We may query its meaning per haps it indicates a certain reverence to familial attitude, both in Hardy and in the family itself. They are enjoying it* He, she, all of them. Illustrates a togetherness within the family one which (as Hardy will later comment upon) Death inevitably overcomes. The following line regarding the different musical voice (Treble and tenor and bass) illustrates a similar thing, but is used to point out that Death affects all elements of family, regardless of age. How very get down were only at line 3 Even better, he does this in all stanzas.* yea Note use of colloquial (conversational) affirmative. Not only is it used to force the rhyme scheme, but it contrasts with the later Ah, no, which is forbid. Hardy does this in all stanzas. Without jumping ahead, however, it is simply a friendly comment of approval.* With the candles mooning each face Night time scene. Interesting, seeing as it contrasts with the other images presented, which are all in bright daylight.* Ah, no the years O Thus we play the inter-stanzaic volta. Not only does the rhyme scheme depart from regularity (We label the sixth line in all stanzas the D rhyme, as it is the only line not to open a rhyming companion). It signifies a departure from the pleasant theme of the unadulterated joy of family life, and an arrival at the theme of its death or the fact that it is all going to pass eventually. As before mentioned, the Ah, no contrasts with the previous affirmative. The actual thought of this line is rather obscure. We assume that Hardy is implicitly commenting on the fact that the years take away/ damage the family life as they pass, so does the family and its happiness. O is an ejaculation, expressing sadness or mourning for the family.* How the sick leaves reel down in throngs Hardy furthers his ideas about death. Here is a line referring to the autumnal decay of life leaves falling and the way in which it precedes Death. Note how the leaves, when considered in throngs, may represen t people? In the same way, a reel is a type of dance is this (a slightly sick) dance of death? Un liable(predicate), but we must(prenominal) remember that Hardy has no qualms with tragic irony.Second Stanza NotesThey clear the creeping moss Elders and juniors aye,Making the pathways neat and the garden gayAnd they build a shady bungholeAh, no the years, the years try out the white storm-birds wing acrossOnce again, Hardy begins his stanza with an image of the family, this time in the garden presumably in spring, as suggested by the fact that they are clearing the remains of winter (the creeping moss), whilst he describes the garden as gay. One can immediately get along the structural similarities shared with the first stanza, as well as the meaning behind the pleasant image.* Note that Hardy now observes that both Elders and juniors participate again, he differentiates between the different members of the family, but now uses the factor of age, as opposed to musical voices. Th is serves only to strengthen the original analysis that unity may be visible and, indeed, enjoyable, but it is only fleeting in the face of Death. Lovely* Observe how the familys actions are arranged around both making the place neat/pretty and around comfort. Making pathways neat and building a shady seat have only temporary effects upon happiness the moss will grow back, the pathways will become untidy in time, when Winter (representing Death and decay) comes. Thus we find that Hardy is setting up, within his pleasant image, the back confuse upon which he wishes to point out that all happiness, joy and life itself is fleeting.* Or is it an image of the futility of human endeavour the weather will erode the order imposed upon it, and ultimately Death will prevail?* On an aside evidence for the scene being set in spring if the seat is shady, then surely the sunlight must be out in broad daylight not a symptom commonly associated with the Wintry illnessAh, no the years, the ye arsSee the white storm-birds wing acrossAnd yet, on cue, Hardy revives his alternative theme this time with a slightly different D rhyme/phrase. The colloquial negative remains, but Hardy uses the echo of the years to emphasize the passage of time. He uses the same phrase in the fourth stanza, yet repeats the primary ejaculation in the third stanza (they alternate).The final line of the stanza is rather interesting. Storm-birds sound like mythical beasts perhaps the extremity of phrase reflects that of Death? yet they are most likely geese, flying away before Winter comes. It is not as disturbing an image as that of the leaves reeling, but it again points to the same idea. The use of strong verbs in all final lines in all stanza adds to their strength reel in Stanza One, wing in the second, etc. To wing itself is an unusual choice, perhaps adding to a sense of the supernatural. Think back to Neutral Tones and the ominous bird a-wing. The verb has the same effect here.Third Stanza NotesThey are blithely breakfasting all Men and maidens yea,Under the summer tree,With a glimpse of the bay,While pet fowl come to the kneeAh, no the years OAnd the rotten rose is ript from the wall.Here Hardy is at last explicit about the season and its effects much as Autumn and Winter are representative of Death and decay, spring and summer bear idyllic delights. In this stanza, we find ourselves in the latter.One cannot overdo the emphasis which Hardy applies to the seasons. He pictures human life as tragically linear, whilst comparing it to the inevitably alternating(prenominal) seasons. In the end, the seasons especially Winter bring about the decay of a finite life. And yet, to begin with, this stanza suggests that the family are blissfully unaware of that fact.* Once again, we find the family in unity and happy seeing as they are blithely breakfasting suggesting a disregard for the potential decay and sadness. They appear to live in the happy present.* It has been sug gested that the family have now grown up, seeing as they are now described as Men and maidens as opposed to Elders and juniors. Side point no way to substantiate claim. Of course, now Hardy differentiates between them using sex all the more differences which Death can overcome.* Allusions to an Arcadian ideal a perfect landscape, full of happiness are impossible to avoid. Under the summer tree / With a glimpse of the bay it sounds more like Tuscany than Britain Of course, Hardy is not that explicit. The bay may just as well be a bay tree, as much as a bit of coastland. Still, the image remains idyllic. And yet, I Death am here.* The pet fowl may represent a further source of happiness domesticated or agricultural livestock have constantly been kept for the happiness of ones stomach or ones heart. Either will do. More human endeavour to be displace waste to by Death?Here, as usual, the poem breaks away and returns to the original ejaculation about the years passing. Note how t he O lengthens the line it slows the reader down. otherwise analysed above.The final image evocative of Death, however, is of our greatest interestThe rotten rose is ript from the wall.Again, an ambiguous phrase creates the sense of sickening mystery which Death itself possesses. Not only does the obvious alliteration of the r sound mount both the tension and force placed upon the final verb, but it as well as mirrors the ugly nature of the act itself. Ript is merely an archaic spelling of ripped the sense is the same and bears the same strength.Yet who, or what, rips up the rose? Obviously, the image is representative of Death claiming a life the verb suggests an unpleasant or untimely death. Quote SLS A complete severance from life. Perhaps we can extrapolate this further to make a comment on the cruelty of Death in Hardys eyes? It may well be the wind. This would fit with the title, although we must still invent the incongruous preposition, during. Perhaps the entire image i s metaphorical, and Death is simply tearing a previously beautiful flower (rotten is probably representative of grizzly) away from life?Fourth Stanza NotesThey change to a high new house,He, she, all of them aye,Clocks and carpets and chairsOn the lawn all day,And the brightest things that are theirsAh, no the years, the years great deal their carved names the rain-drop ploughs.Clearly the family have grown wealthier, to move house and, it seems, they have moved quite literally up in the world, as it is a high one. One may question whether this stanza overly reflects upon the materialistic joys of the world. Maybe that is Hardys intention. I doubt, however, that this is an explicit attack upon those who value material objects rather a memento mori, in that, despite the temporary pleasure of wealth and possessions, Death will always claim victory. Deeper analysis* Note how we have returned to He, she, all of them. Have we come round in a full generational cycle?* The weather remai ns good, as the family display their possessions on the lawn, presumably as they either prepare to move them to the new house from the old, or simply before they have been properly installed. Clearly Hardy is using summer to represent joy and prosperity.* The language bears little complexity hence little analysis Is this done to reflect the simple, but enjoyable, pleasures of materialistic desires and good weather?* Brightest things which are theirs. Note another superlative. Relevance/ importance, other than to add emphasis?(Have previously analysed the secondary ejaculation. Now repeated.)The final image of the poem is possibly the most interesting, dramatic and explicit. take in their carved names the rain-drop ploughs.Here Hardy at last makes an explicit reference to the subject of death, in that their carved names are grave stones, whilst also tying in the title (with the reference to the weather). Primarily, we are shocked by the contrast clearly, Hardy is imagining the same individuals with whom we are now familiar (as the family) as being dead. They have been buried. This is a very sudden and rather upsetting realisation. Hardy very successfully makes his point about the frailty and temporal nature of life. Their successes and happiness are irrelevant. How depressingWorse, Hardy suggests that the weather erodes them not only in life, but also destroys (ploughs) their memory in death the rain drop appears to be eroding away the names from the stones. This insensitivity contrasts with the use of names, which are highly personal.Perhaps, however, Hardy intends ploughs to be positive. As in the agricultural sense, the rain drop prepares for new growth?Final note Is the narrator writing the poem in the grave-yard? Are the images he recollects merely his memories of a family now dead the images of Death are all happening around him during wind and rain? Clever point. Perhaps.

Jails and Prisons Essay Example for Free

Jails and Prisons EssayThe four types of prisons are womens, maximum, medium, and low security. Womens prisons in our field are very different in some aspects as the males prisons. Women have greater needs than men do. They have to adjust to their needs, whether it is pregnancy, or the emotional needs of the woman. Maximum Security prison is a massive building with large inmate population.They cranny tight security, high fences, thick walls, and unsex cells. They are very closely monitored concerning every moment they are incarcerated there. (Schmalleger, 2011)Medium security prisons are permitted much freedom generally than the maximum security prisoners. They receive more privileges such as they can go to the prison yard, exercise room, and the library. They still strict security but they have more freedom. (Schmalleger, 2011) Minimum security prisons offer a number of programs for the prisoners.They offer services to help rehabilitate the prisoners. The primary force behi nd the minimum security is the prisoners own restraint. They are there because of their behavior and they have the choice to stay there and do well or get transferred to another level based on their behavior. (Schmalleger, 2011) These types of prisons are also classified ad as federal, state, women, and private prisons. Even though every one of these institutions is different they are all there for the same reason.Prisons are made to signboard the most violent to the first time offenders. The concept of the institutions is to provide safety to the communities from these offenders. To keep control and keep them housed in a facility to spend turn up their sentence. (Schmalleger, 2011) Jail plays a very important role in our criminal justice transcription. Before an inmate gets sentenced to prison, they are often watched in jail to check up on how they react with others.Based on how they act in jail usually decides what kind of prisoner they will become. Jail is also used in our s ystem for those spending less than a year in jail, to keep down overcrowding of prisons. They house individuals pending arraignment, readmit probation or parole, temporarily houses juveniles, the mentally ill, and bail stay violators. They also hold individuals for the military, they transfer inmates to their designated facility, and they also operate community-based programs.In conclusion all of the prisons and jails in our country work together like a exquisite oiled machine. They work together to ensure that an inmate gets from one place to another. They also work together to ensure the inmate remains safe and that the worldly concern is safe from the offenders.

Future Trends in Operations Management

Future Trends in Operations ManagementA tell apart feature of the current business line environs is the idea that turn in strings compete, non companiesIt has become comm exclusively recognized that a companys survival is primarily a question of its competitiveness. At the heart of it is the constant need to chop-chop grow and capture the leading market positions. Modern economic conditions force businesses to provide the highest level of customer satis positionion by performing perfect consumer service, delivering a wide variety of quality returns in shorter lead time and at a reasonable cost. This creates incredible opportunities for individual consumers and puts great pressures on companies to seek for the naked ways to appeal consumers. new(prenominal) that that, contemporary business environment brings a huge level of uncertainty to managers of both levels and urges them to be able to sense all the changes and implement the right and timely measures to be successful. This uncertainty may come from government decisions, customers and consumers, sh arholders that demand increased return from what they invest into business. This is how Dennis McCarthy and Dr. Nick lively tell apart current business situation in their book on business-led changes called Lean TPMThe unsanded competitive conditions are far removed from those of the past and challenge strategies much(prenominal)(prenominal) that we puke no longer assume thatPast business success is a guarantee of future survivalProduct patens volition protect a manufacturer from competitionBuying the latest technology will provide a means of defense against competition.Technology or productions by themselves are not enough to guarantee survival (McCarthy and Rich, 2004).Clearly, as a result of the new dispositions and new economic touchableities managing trading operations and give range of a function has become extremely analyzable and challenging.We call back that the refer of the key pressures that these authors outline in their book to describe modern economic conditions not only perfectly well describes challenges facing the beingness today, but also gives a good insight into how these may effect offer chain in particular, including its design, management and future business integration. According to McCarthy and Rich they include 1. New and emerging manufacturing economies with low labour costs areattracted to mature Western markets where they can exploit their costadvantage.The power of the internet in purchasing materials and components on a global scale and therefore access to alternative suppliers has increased exponentially. As such(prenominal), power has shifted to the customer/consumer.Deregulation of world markets has resulted from world-wide trading agreements and this has liberated trade and increased competition for manufacturers.Corporations have the ability to switch production.Pressure groups and lobbyists seeking to lower prices or convince the manufacturer to modify their performance in areas such as environmental management.Shareholders who expect a year on year rectifyment in the returns on their money invested and always compare these returns with what their money could earn elsewhere.Customers expect product variety, continuously improving quality levels, lead time reduction and want their stocks trim down (McCarthy and Rich, 2004).Benita M. Beamon also adds to this list extreme climate change as one of the essential factors that will also effect future world business configuration since its change would menace transportation infrastructures, natural resources supply including the constrained supply of natural energy and raw materials as such, and would change overall human behavior patterns which as a result will drastically influence the ability to supply worldwide (Beamon, 2008).Although operations and supply chain management is often seen as merely custom activities, it is indeed very sensitive to almost all business changes and, therefore, fairy regarded now as one of the critical business concerns and has the priority in managing the organization. This is why we chose to reflect on the above mentioned trends to study their effect on the supply chain and operations and, thus, track current and future challenges in this area.1. It is now transparent that the world economy has faced large structural changes in recent years on the way to bring businesses to more international basis. There can hardly be found now any operation that does not sell to or buy from foreign markets. globularization of businesses has importantly accelerated, resulting in new challenges for companies on the global market. Sixth annual survey performed by PRTM Management Consultants showed that respondents consistently rank acceleration of supply chain globalization as a top priority over the next several years concluding that the primary shift of manufacturing and assembly operations has been to low cost co untry destinations including China, India and eastern Europe (2008). It can be summarized that expansion of operations supply chain to cover the whole world quench stays number one trend referable to its cost reduction opportunities and, therefore, puts additional challenges to cope with these increased pressures. With that in mind, product quality and safety as well as supply chain delivery and security become the main concern for organizations globalizing their supply chains, thus, providing additional business risks.2. Number two trend logically follows from the business expansion to make better global performance and flexibility companies seek for the alternative ways to control operations, fasten processes, and simplify procedures. Increased pressures are also put on them to improve coordination and achieve overall integration with suppliers and customers. Internet, e-commerce, e-procurement and other web-based applications offer major cost savings and advantages. Simon R. Croom studied the positive effects of e-business strategy writ of execution on supply chain management. In his research grant Chain Management in the E-Business Era the following advantages were outlinedNew e-business infrastructures offer a wider range of activities inwardly supply chain, e.g. electronic marketplaces including larger numbers of buyers and sellersIncreased use of electronic methods for searching and sourcing which reduces coordination costs and increase the proportion of economic activities coordinated by markets, companies are encouraged to use more out-sourcing, low coordination costs will also enable companies to buy goods and services less expensivelyInformation processing is reducedAdditional opportunities provided by the use of E-procurement. Its advantages include greater visibility of the procurement process, improved management of maintenance, repair and operating supplies, improved stock management, better schooling for purchasing decision-making, sup ply base reduction followed by the change of the supply chains structure, significant efficiency gains with the attention to the role and development of purchasing as a core capability of the organization, it also provides a powerful platform from which to exploit the organizations strategic leverage and undertake major total supply chain cost improvements (Croom, 2001).3. Number three trend, we believe, is another logical result of the two mentioned above rapid growth of new tuition technologies raised the issue of hoard information and knowledge management. Accumulation of knowledge relates to both customer relationship formation and product innovation process. At the heart of this excogitation is the recognition of the fact that knowledge is the key driver of the value-adding processes. It has been fairly noted by the theorists of operations management that the way in which products or services were created was not random they were the product of a whole collection of decisi ons and actions based on an even larger collection of knowledge (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2007). So, it is obvious that the concept of knowledge management will significantly influence the future development of operations and supply chain management as it provides the expertise that underpins companys competitive advantage.4. Trend number four, that needs to be discussed in more detail, from our point of view, and should be grouped into a separate trend is that of the future integration of the supply chain and future development in such areas as business-to-business, business-to-customer and customer-to-customer relationships. It is indeed evident now, in the new era that the supply chain has become more connected and integrated that ever before due to the rapid growth of new information technologies, web-based applications and other alternative talk means. Companies constantly seek for developing new creative ways to communicate with suppliers, customers and consumers. It speci ally relates to service-based and product-based supply chain. On-line ordering, availability 24 hours a day, seven days a week, great variety of products and services, no issues with transportation and so on, all this has drastically improved the efficiency of the supply chain. Customers are also encouraged to communicate with each other by means of widespread social networks blogs, forums, portals which allows instant information sharing. All this, we believe, will keep on changing the way in which the supply chain operates towards increased capacities and efficiencies of the supply chain.5. Another trend that can not be mentioned with all reflected earlier is the problem of environmental responsibility and sustainability or green supply chain. Opinions of researchers differ here in weather it will be the result of the state legislation compliance and customer requirements or it will be one of the effective ways to improve companys image and reputation. Our consideration is that it will be both. No need to deny that the pressures from the legislation are increasing which urges almost all companies to put in place relevant environmental management. The concept of bollocks up management has also gained popularity in recent years as it implies waste reduction that in all its forms significantly saves cost for the organization which conventionally coincides here with environmental responsibility. We can already see that companies have started large campaigns towards recyclable materials application, new product design to consider their life cycle beyond their traditional shelf-life to extract more value from precious natural resources, reduction of energy and water consumption, use of alternative fuels and many other. It is obvious that the concept of environmental responsibility will take the key role in day-to-day operations management decisions and every day practices due to its great economic potency for the firm.We think that this list can be continued wit h more and more trends and business challenges, however, from our point of view these 5 give the fullest picture of what to expect from the environment in which we exist. It reflects the key processes that both companies and each of us as a consumer is involved on the daily basis. We have identified some of the challenges and complexities that are peculiar(prenominal) of operations and supply chain today and have attempted to analyze these to possibly see their future development. It is obvious that uncertainty and complexity will still be the main characteristics of the global business environment in the future. However, managers will have the advantage of the emerging information and chat technologies that will provide real time information to support operational decision-making and will help to improve efficiency of processes in the area of the use of resources, materials handling and product design.Question 2In the second part of the assignment I will compare the company that I work for with the performed literary productions review and based on this semblance will outline its main competitive advantages.I have been working for Nestl for 6 years, starting from the small water factory just acquired by the attach to. I worked as an Interpreter then, being heavily involved in the translation of the Group policies, specifications, guidelines and instructions, which the factory was going to implement to meet worldwide Nestl standards. I believe it is an excellent example that reflects all challenges and perplexities of the modern business conditions.With its headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland Nestl was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestl and is today the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellnesscompany. It employs around 280000 population and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The list of products includes over 127000 items of different types and sizes. This complexity, therefore, is the main characteristic of its supply ch ain. Managing thousands of supply chains in many countries, controlling invoicing of customers and collecting payments, predicting demand and tracking stocks all this at some point put the Company in a very risky situation which required such a solution that would put order in all this variety. So, the Company, had undertaken steps towards the implementation of GLOBE, or the Global Business Excellence model aimed at creating a single system to simplify and unify the way to manage supply chain and operate such functions, like purchasing and invoicing. The implementation of this model has provided not only an excellent tool to optimize operational cost, but also has served as a key driver for generating business value by creating a culture of continuous excellence, collaboration and support both cross functionally and between various operations worldwide.It is indeed true that the implementation of GLOBE taught the Company to operate as a global market player. Another thing that the C ompany claims that has helped it to sustain in the times of turbulence and uncertainty is its strict compliance with the Company Corporate Business Principles that say Nestls existing products grow through innovation and refurbishment while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives (Appendix, 4). It is always stressed, however, that the Companys main business principle is the conviction that to have long-term success for their shareholders, all the operations not only have to comply with all applicable legal requirements and ensure that all the activities are sustainable, but additionally have to create significant value for society(Appendix, 2).Other things that the Company claims to be the basis of its culture and is considered to be the essential part of its long-term established reputation are of course its quality assurance and product safety. The quality policy says Nestl strives to create value that can be sustained over the long term by meeting consumer needs for nutrition, enjoyment and bore they can trust (Appendix, 7). This is achieved through no waste attitude and continuous improvement of the quality standards delivered to consumers. Adequate recourses, equipment, procedures and systems, trainings and teamwork play the major role in the implementation of high standards and achievement of excellence and competitiveness. All functions across the Value Chain are fully responsible for observing mandatory principles, norms and instructions, for maintaining agreed Quality standards and for constantly improving them is another essential postulate of the Quality Policy (Appendix, 7).Consumer communication is also considered at heart the Company as the key indicator of all current activities. All opinions, complaints a nd shortcomings are analyzed and serve as a tool for immediate correction and improvement if needed. Nestl Consumer Communications Principles state the Companys commitment to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets (Appendix, 3).It is fair to note that supplier and consumer relations are an important part of the Companys vision on creating dual-lane value. Doing business in the way that requires from the Companys contractors, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness in the same way that the Company itself is demonstrating its commitment to its consumers. Supplier Code specifies these principles and helps their implementation within all suppliers and their community. By accepting these, suppliers take the responsibility of being compliant with the core principles of business integrity, sustainability, labor standards, safety and health, enviro nment and other. Implementation of the vendor data base has helped to track and manage its suppliers in accordance with the Company principles and values.One other concept that has been in focus in recent years is that of environmental management and sustainability aimed at improvement of environmental performance, operations activities in this area, risk and cost reduction, long-term availability of raw materials and water. In its Environmental Policy the Company states At all stages of the product life cycle we strive to use natural resources efficiently, favour the use of sustainably-managed renewable resources, and target zero waste(Appendix, 6). Target areas for improvement initiatives include application of a life cycle approach with systematic assessments of all activities across the Value Chain, effective water resources management to provide a common mythology to measure water footprint of products, processes and organizations, reduction of gas omissions from its operations through proper energy consumption management, switching to renewable sources and transport and dissemination initiatives with focus on green fleet and optimization of the distributions schemes and packaging, elimination of wastes in all operations through the Value Chain with the goal of zero waste and full recovery of unavoidable by products (Appendix, 6).The list of initiatives that Nestl has undertaken can be much longer that these. However, we believe that these are the main ones that reflect the Companys vision on doing business and on the way it adds value to all its activities to finally sustain and prosper in times of uncertainty and risk. As it is seen from our study it closely coincides with the literature review that we performed to define the major challenges and future trends in operations and supply chain management. This study proves the fact that constant development and applications of advanced information and communication technologies, focus on the development o f relationships with both consumers and suppliers, expansion of the social responsibility with attention to environmental issues, social activities will be the main value-adding factors and efficient tools against business risks and uncertainties.REFERENCESBeamon B.M.(2008). Sustainability and the Future of Supply Chain Management. Industrial Engineering, University of Washington.Christopher M. (1992) Logistics and Supply Chain Management. First edition. London Financial TimesCroom S.R. (2001) Supply Chain Management in the E-Business Era. An investigation into Supply Chain Strategies, Practices and Progress in E-Business Adoption.McCarthy D., Rich N. (2004) Lean TPM. Elsevier Butterworth-HeinemannSixth Annual Survey (2008). Global Supply Chain Trends 2008-2010. Driving Global Supply Chain Flexibility through Innovation. purchasable at http//www.prtm.com (Accessed September 2010).Slack N., Chambers S., Johnston. (2007) Operations Management. Fifth edition. Pearson Education Limited .Steinert-Threlkeld T. (2006) Nestl Pieces Together Its Global Supply Chain. Available at http//www.baselinemag.com (Accessed December 8, 2010)

Does Language Influence Our Ethnic Identity English Language Essay

Does Language Influence Our heathen Identity English Language EssayIn this judge I will argue that lyric influences and does quicken an of the essence(p) role in our ethnic and friendly identity. Language has many definitions, here are a few that have been proposed over time, Henry Sweet, an English phonetician and quarrel scholar, stated Language is the expression of ideas by government agency of speech-sounds unite into words, words are combined into sentences, this combination answering that of ideas and thoughts (Crystal, 19876). The American linguists Bernard Bloch and George L. Trager stated, A wording is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social steming cooperates and the necessitate of the relationship between language and culture it usu wholey refers to work on languages that have no written records (Crystal, 19877). The scholar Benjamin Whorf has noted language shapes thoughts and emotions, find ones perception of reality (Pei, 199621). Jo hn Stuart Mill said, language is the light of the mind (Pei, 199621). Despite the research of early scholars in this field, it was discovered what they felt to be important relationships between languages, thought, and cultures.Some characteristics of language include different linguistic levels (phonological, intonation and rhythm, lexical semantic, syntactical and socialinguistics), language is a dynamic (changes constantly), has dialects (language variation), is sociolect (language depending on social class), and idiolect (individual language in which no two people speak exactly in the same way) (Pei, 196533). Language expresses many faces of a persons individuality or identity through with(predicate) speaking, belonging, providing the well-nigh natural badge, or symbol, and of public and private identity, the relationship between language and the many faces is very important to our identity as it shows how we interact with opposites. Ethnic and social identity plays an import ant role on the way in which language exercises a dominant influence on our perception, whatever our buzz off tongue.The most pellucidive feature of ethnicity in groups is not their induce tongue, but the foreign accent and dialect that characterize their use of the majority language (Pei, 196535). Over the purport of time, many of these features have become established, resulting in new varieties of language. Well cognizen cases include the range of English language and dialects associated with the Indian sub-continent, from the West Indies, even from Puerto Rico. A non-regional example would be people with a Jewish descent, whose speech has had a large influence on many European languages.Why would language play an important role in ethnic identity? Because language is such a widespread and evident feature of community life, to choose one language over an some early(a) also provides an immediate and univers altogethery recognized badge of identity, language also provides a p articular clear link to the past, often the only(prenominal) detailed link, in the form of literature. But this link exists even after the ability in language has been lost for example, many present day Italian-Americans know very little Italian, but they still see Italian as a symbol of their ethnic identity. Ethnic identity is a commitment to a group with which one has ancestral links. Once a group becomes conscious of its ethnic identity, it will wish to preserve and strengthen its position.There is also a drive for language to act as a natural barrier between cultural groups, promoting conflict rather than cooperation. For example in bilingual communities, this agent is less important but even here, language can focus the sense of semipolitical grievance in a clearer way than any other factor.Between the 1960s and 1970s, Western Europe and North America experienced an ethnicity thriving. Considerable progress was made in integrating immigrant groups within their communities a nd there was a widespread rising of consciousness about ethnicity issues. This was especially noticeable in the United States (US), where a census showed that 17% of the American population claimed a mother tongue other than English, and the largest claims relating to Spanish, German, Italian, French, Polish, and Yiddish. However, during the 1970s a further change took place, where there was still an overall increase in the number of people claiming a mother tongue other than English. The Spanish still had to find their identity within the culture, because they were less accepted and were more(prenominal) aware of the importance of maintaining traditional linguistic ties in order to find their identity within the culture.Language plays a crucial role in both the external perception of an ethnic group by outsiders and in the self-identification of an ethnic group (Schmidt, 20082). Language is explicitly mentioned in most academic works related to ethnic identity at the same time, it is accent that although identity is deeply anchored in a society, this leading to a strong emotional attachment to identity markers, is not the only crucial aspect of group identity (Schmidt, 20084). The major tendency is to regard ethnicity as composed of self-identification of a group, as well as its external perception by others. Ethnicity is considered the property of a group, associated with ancestry, culture, and of course language.There are other views that emphasize the importance of ethnic boundaries and regard ethnicity as an aspect of relationship which often consists of ancestral, cultural (and at measure racialized) traits that are parking arealy associated with particular ethnic groups, both by the members of groups themselves and by others. There are subjective and objective characteristics of ethnic groups. For example, Jenkins states, the belief in common decent is of subjective nature, whereas language and cultural practices are objective means of facilitating a groups formation (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 1996, 13). He concludes that ethnic identification arises out of and within interaction between groups. Whereas Francois Grin considers ethnicity as the result of subjective assignation or self-assignation (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 199613). He defines ethnicity as a two- layer social construction in which one tier is non-elective (composed of ancestry, mother tongue, and cultural models internalized during childhood), and two-tiers result from assignation (by themselves and by others). His definition is consistent with Fishermans for whom ethnicity is made up of three elements paternity- the perception of intergenerational continuity, patrimony linguistics and cultural philia of what is passed on and gives substance expression to this continuity, and phenomenology- the self-perceived character of ethnicity. No matter if those traits are subjective or objective, they are all means of facilitating a groups information.Why would lan guage play an important role in social identity? Because social identity refers to the membership or association of an individual with a primary and other human groups, ranging from immediate family and expanding outward based on such factors as the individuals capacities, experiences, mobility, and location (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 199615). A groups native language spoken by an individual is apparent the strongest social identity it is usually corresponding with immediate family and extended family. The strength of language group identity resides with the fact that language provides the primary means to categorize, venture about, make sense of, and express our understanding of reality.When distinct groups that are each homogeneous are closely located and their differences are significant the psychosocial concept of the other frequently becomes powerful. This means that the membership in ones group is regarded superior to the other and that the blame for a range of dissatisfac tions or circumstances is assigned to the other group ((Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 199618). Nationality, in the geographical sense of identity with or without a foundation can be a redoubtable social identity, especially in more developed countries with great mobility.Probably the clearest way people have of their desire to be close to or different from those around them is through their choice of languages. a few(prenominal) societies are wholly monolingual, and it is this possibility for different languages to act as symbols of the social grammatical construction to which they belong. The use of different languages is often a sign of a distinct religious or political group. Switching from one language to another may also be an indicator of distance in everyday circumstances, as can be seen in different bilingual areas. Languages have developed a wide range of varieties for handling the different kinds and levels of relationships, which identify the social structure of a communi ty, for example, occupation, subject matter, social status, and setting, but may also have been used as signs of social identity.The role in which language plays in social and ethnic identity is the only way we have to acquire conceptual concepts (e.g. love, freedom, power, etc.) and to increase out knowledge, other than direct physical experience. Language offers belonging with those who section it, and the smaller the language group, the stronger the bond will be. Language is knowledge, and in todays world knowledge is one of the key factors in being competitive. Knowledge is what creates the successfulness and egression we tend to take for granted. In an advanced industrial society and in an increasingly co-dependent world, the knowledge of other languages becomes essential. Just think of how the Internet has changed our lives, millions of people all over the world, that share common interests are able to converse with each other and exchange ideas. Not only are they able to do this because of all kinds of various technical advances, but also its because they share a universal language. Language is obviously a vital tool, not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but also it forges friendships, cultural ties, and economic relationships (Dwyer, Denis, and Drakakis, 199642).Throughout history, as Ive shown, many have reflected on the importance of language. There would have been no poets, philosophers, political leaders, writers, and other forms of art introduced in the world if language was not there.Therefore it can rightly be said that language fulfills the basic human acquire of talking and enabled us to depend on others for its various needs in order to live. Language is a tool of communication in ones hand.Language has contend a significant role in the service of mankind and it can be considered as a pioneer in the progress of human civilization.Crystal, David (1987) The physical exertion of Language. pp.6-70Schmidt, Ulrike (2008) Language Loss, and Ethnic Identity. pp.1-4Duranti, Alessandro (2009) Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. pp.204-209Pei, Mario (1965) The Story of Language. pp.21-38Dwyer, Denis and Drakakis, David (1996) Ethnicity and Development. pp.13-45Jannarone, August (2006) Journal of Social Identity. pp.1-2

Indian Government Promoting Investment In Agriculture Economics Essay

Indian Government Promoting Investment In land Economics EssayThe main objectives of the Governments outlay policy for unsophisticated produce, aims at ensuring remunerative prices to the growers for their produce with a view to encourage melloweder investment and achievement. Towards the end, minimum support prices for major sylvan products ar announced each course which argon fixed after taking into account, the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural costs and Prices (CACP). The CACP while recommending prices takes into account all- grand factors, viz.Cost of ProductionChanges in Input PricesInput/Output Price ParityTrends in grocery store PricesInter-crop Price ParityDemand and Supply Situation put up on Industrial Cost StructureEffect on General Price LevelEffect on Cost of LivingInternational Market Price SituationParity between Prices Paid and Prices Received by farmers (Terms of Trade).EXIM PolicyEXIM Policy is the export import policy of the government that is announced either five years. It is alike kn protest as the Foreign Trade Policy. This policy consists of widely distributed provisions regarding exports and imports, promotional measures, profession exemption schemes, export promotion schemes, circumscribed economic z adept programs and other details for different domains. Every year the government announces a supplement to this policy.The EXIM Policy of 2002-2007 (External website that opens in a cutting window) express the importance of agricultural exports and announced measures like the setting up of agri export z stars, removal of procedural restrictions and securities industrying cost assistance. Agri Export Zones are considered the most important first appearance of this policy Agri Export Zones (External website that opens in a new window)Agri Export Zones were formed as a result of this policy. These zones are meant to parent agricultural exports from the soil and add remunerative returns to the common wealth community regularly. They are to be identified by the State Government, which would evolve a comprehensive package of services to be provided by all State Government agencies, State Agri tillage Universities and all institutions and agencies of the Union Government for intensive delivery in these zones. Corporate sector companies with be credentials would be encourage to sponsor new agri export zones or take over already notified agri export zones.Services that would be managed and coordinated by means of this scheme include the provision of pre/post harvest operations, base protection, processing, furtherance, storage and related re search and development. APEDA depart supplement, within its schemes and provisions, the efforts of State Governments for facilitating exports. Click here for a list of the Agri Export Zones.After, a qualifying of government at the centre, a new EXIM Policy of 2004 2009 was announced. This policy came up with export promotional measures s uch as Towns of Export Excellence, Target Plus, Free Trade and Warehousing Zones and the Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana.Here are details on these schemesTowns of Export Excellence Here, towns in specific areas that produce goods of Rs.250 crores and above in the handloom, agribusiness, handicraft and fisheries sector depart be notified as Towns of Exports Excellence on the basis of their latent for growth in exports. They leave alone be minded(p) this recognition to maximize their potential, enable them to move higher in the treasure chain and tap new markets.Target Plus In this scheme, exporters who have come finished a large increase in growth of exports would be geted debt instrument free credit based on incremental exports substantially higher than the general actual export target fixed. Rewards result be granted according to a tiered approach. For incremental growth of over 20, 25 and c per cent, the duty free credits would be 5, 10 and 15 per cent of Free on Board (F OB) value of incremental exports.Vishesh Krishi Gram Udyog Yojana It aims to promote exports of fruits, vegetables, flowers, fruits, and other value-added products. This year it has been expanded to include soybean and coconut oil as well as feed preparations such as soups. Plus, the benefit of the scheme has been extended to 100 per cent export-oriented units.Import and ExportSince Independence, India has made a lot of progress in agriculture in terms of growth in output, yields and area infra crops. It has gone through a Green Revolution (food grains), a White Revolution (milk), a Yellow Revolution (oilseeds) and a Blue Revolution (aquaculture). Today, India is one of the largest producers of milk, fruits, cashew nuts, coconuts and tea in the world. It is also well known for the production of wheat, vegetables, sugar, fish, tobacco and rice.Certain types of agriculture such as horticulture, organic farming, floriculture, genetic engineering, packaging and food processing have t he potential to see a surge in revenues through exports. Over the past few years, the government has stressed on the development of horticulture and floriculture by creating vital root word for cold storage, refrigerated transportation, packaging, processing and quality control. If India wishes to optimize the production and export potential of these commodities, then it is substantive to reform these facilities, marketing and export networks much further.In recent years, the Central Government has offered different fiscal incentives for bettering storage facilities in rural areas. It also provides financial assistance to the State Governments for acquiring and distributing food grains at subsidized rates, e finically to families with one-year income below the poverty cablegram. Today, the improved availability of bank credit through priority lending, favourable terms of trade and liberalized domestic and outside trade for agricultural commodities have also encouraged orphic players to invest in agriculture.The major thrust of the policies and programmes of the Government of India relating to livestock and fisheries is in the areas of rapid genetic upgradation of milch animals, improvement in the delivery mechanism of breeding inputs, control of animal diseases, creation of disease free zones, increased availability of nutritious feed, development of dairy activities and backyard poultry, development of processing and marketing facilities and enhancement of production and profitability of livestock.Agricultural Exports (External website that opens in a new window)Agricultural exports have shown an increase (External website that opens in a new window) from around Rs.60 billion in 1990 91 to Rs.398 billion in 2005-06. The Governments special efforts to encourage export of food grains in recent years through grant of World Trade Organization (External website that opens in a new window) or WTO compatible subsidies has lead to India becoming one of the l eading exporters of food grains in the international marketAgricultural Imports (External website that opens in a new window)The imports of agricultural products (External website that opens in a new window) improved from Rs.12 billion in 1990 91 to Rs.220 billion in 2005- 06. The share of agri-imports to total merchandise imports in 2005-06 was 4.59 percent. Edible oil is the mavin largest agricultural product imported into the country and accounts for around two-thirds of the total agricultural imports.NEW AGRICULTURE POLICYAgriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which, for centuries, has shape the thought, the outlook, the culture and the economic life of the people of India. Agriculture, therefore, is and pull up stakes continue to be central to all strategies for planned socio-economic development of the country. Rapid growth of agriculture is inwrought not only to achieve self-reliance at national level but also for ho determinationhold food security and to bring about faithfulness in distribution of income and wealth resulting in rapid reduction in poverty levels.Indian agriculture has, since Independence, made rapid strides. In taking the annual foodgrains production from 51 million tonnes in early fifties to 206 million tonnes at the turn of the century, it has contributed significantly in achieving self-sufficiency in food and in avoiding food shortages.Over 200 million Indian farmers and farm workers have been the backbone of Indias agriculture. Despite having achieved national food security the well being of the farming community continues to be a matter of grave concern for planners and policy makers. The establishment of an agrarian economy which ensures food and nutrition to Indias billion people, raw materials for its expanding industrial base and surpl utilizations for exports, and a fair and equitable reward system for the farming community for the services they provide to the society, will be the mainstay of reforms in the agricultu re sector.The National Policy on Agriculture seeks to actualise the vast untapped growth potential of Indian agriculture, strengthen rural infrastructure to support rapid agricultural development, promote value addition, accelerate the growth of agro business, create vocation in rural areas, secure a fair standard of living for the farmers and agricultural workers and their families, discourage migration to urban areas and face the challenges arising out of economic liberalization and globalisation. Over the next two decades, it aims to attainThe salient features of the new agricultural policy areOver 4 per cent annual growth rate aimed over next two decades..Greater hole-and-corner(a) sector participation through direct farming.Price protection for farmers.National agricultural insurance scheme to be launched.Dismantling of restrictions on movement of agricultural commodities throughout the country.Rational utilisation of countrys peeing resources for best use of irrigation p otential.High priority to development of animal gardening, poultry, dairy and aquaculture.Capital inflow and assured markets for crop production.Exemption from payment of metropolis gains revenue enhancement on compulsory acquisition of agricultural land.Minimise fluctuations in commodity prices.Continuous supervise of international prices.Plant varieties to be protected through a legislation.Adequate and timely submit of quality inputs to farmers.High priority to rural electrification.Setting up of agro-processing units and creation of off-farm employment in rural areas.Sustainable AgricultureThe policy will seek to promote technically sound, economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of countrys natural resources land, water and genetic endowment to promote sustainable development of agriculture. Measures will be taken to contain biotic pressures on land and to control indiscriminate diversion of agricultural lands for non-agricultural p urposes. The unutilized wastelands will be put to use for agriculture and afforestation. Particular attention will be given for increasing cropping intensity through multiple-cropping and inter-cropping.Rational use and conservation of the countrys wide water resources will be promoted. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water will come highest priority. Special attention will be cogitate on water quality and the problem of receding ground-water levels in certain areas as a result of over-exploitation of underground aquifers. Proper on-farm management of water resources for the optimum use of irrigation potential will be promoted.Erosion and narrowing of the base of Indias plant and animal genetic resources in the last few decades has been affecting the food security of the country. Survey and evaluation of genetic resources and safe conservation of both indigenous and exogenously introduced genetic variability in crop plants, animals and their wild relatives will peck part icular attention. The use of bio-technologies will be promoted for evolving plants which consume less water, are drought resistant, pest resistant, contain more nutrition, give higher yields and are environmentally safe. Conservation of bio-resources through their ex situ preservation in Gene Banks, as also in situ conservation in their natural habitats through bio-diversity parks, etc., will perk a high priority to prevent their extinction. Specific measures will also be taken to conserve indigenous breeds facing extinction. There will be a time bound programme to list, catalogue and classify countrys vast agro bio-diversity.Sensitization of the farming community with the environmental concerns will receive high priority. equilibrate and conjunctive use of bio-mass, organic and inorganic fertilizers and controlled use of agro chemicals through combine nutrients and pest management (INM IPM) will be promoted to achieve the sustainable increases in agricultural production. A nati on-wide programme for utilization of rural and urban garbage, farm residues and organic waste for organic matter repletion and pollution control will be worked out.Agro-forestry and social forestry are prime requisites for maintenance of ecological balance and augmentation of bio-mass production in agricultural systems. Agro-forestry will receive a major thrust for businesslike nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, organic matter addition and for improving drainage. Farmers will be encouraged to take up farm/agro-forestry for higher income generation by evolving technology, extension and credit support packages and removing constraints to development of agro and farm forestry. Involvement of farmers and landless labourers will be sought in the development of pastures/forestry programmes on public wastelands by giving financial incentives and entitlements to the usufructs of trees and pastures.The history and traditional knowledge of agriculture, oddly of tribal communities, relati ng to organic farming and preservation and processing of food for nutritional and healthful purposes is one of the oldest in the world. Concerted efforts will be made to pool, distil and evaluate traditional practices, knowledge and wisdom and to harness them for sustainable agricultural growth.Food and nutritional SecuritySpecial efforts will be made to raise the productivity and production of crops to happen the increasing demand for food generated by unabated demographic pressures and raw materials for expanding agro-based industries. A regionally differentiated strategy will be pursued, taking into account the agronomic, climatic and environmental conditions to realize the full growth potential of every region. Special attention will be given to development of new crop varieties, particularly of food crops, with higher nutritional value through adoption of bio-technology particularly genetic modification, while addressing bio-safety concerns.A major thrust will be given to dev elopment of rainfed and irrigated horticulture, floriculture, roots and tubers, plantation crops, aromatic and medicinal plants, bee-keeping and sericulture, for augmenting food supplying, exports and generating employment in rural areas. Availability of hybrid seeds and disease-free planting materials of improved varieties, supported by a network of regional nurseries, tissue culture laboratories, seed farms will be promoted to support systematic development of horticulture having emphasis on increased production, post-harvest management, precision farming, bio-control of pests and quality regulation mechanism and exports.Animal husbandry and fisheries also generate wealth and employment in agriculture sector. Development of animal husbandry, poultry, dairying and aqua-culture will receive a high priority in the efforts for diversifying agriculture, increasing animal protein availability in the food basket and for generating exportable surpluses. A national livestock breeding stra tegy will be evolved to meet the requirements of milk, meat, egg and livestock products and to enhance the role of draught animals as a source of energy for farming operations and transport. Major thrust will be on genetic upgradation of indigenous/native cattle and buffaloes using proven semen and high quality pedigreed bulls and by expanding artificial insemination network to provide services at the farmers doorstep.Generation and dissemination of take into account technologies in the field of animal production as also health care to enhance production and productivity levels will be given greater attention. Cultivation of fodder crops and fodder trees will be encouraged to meet the feed and fodder requirements and to improve animal nutrition and welfare. Priority will also be given to improve the processing, marketing and transport facilities, with emphasis on modernization of abattoirs, carcass utilization and value addition thereon. Since animal disease eradication and quarant ine is critical to exports, animal health system will be strengthened and disease-free zones created. The involvement of cooperatives and private sector will be encouraged for development of animal husbandry, poultry and dairy. Incentives for livestock and fisheries production activities will be brought at par with incentives for crop production.An integrated approach to marine and inland fisheries, designed to promote sustainable aquaculture practices, will be adopted. Biotechnological application in the field of genetics and breeding, harmonal applications, immunology and disease control will receive particular attention for increased aquaculture production. Development of sustainable technologies for fin and shell fish culture as also pearl-culture, their yield optimization, harvest and post-harvest operations, mechanization of fishing boats, strengthening of infrastructure for production of fish seed, berthing and landing facilities for fishing vessels and development of market ing infrastructure will be accorded high priority. Deep sea fishing industry will be developed to take advantage of the vast potential of countrys exclusive economic zone.Generation and Transfer of TechnologyA very high priority will be accorded to evolving new location-specific and economically viable improved varieties of agricultural and horticultural crops, livestock species and aquaculture as also conservation and judicious use of germplasm and other bio-diversity resources. The regionalization of agricultural research, based on identified agro-climatic zones, will be accorded high priority. Application of frontier sciences like bio-technology, remote spotting technologies, pre and post-harvest technologies, energy saving technologies, technology for environmental protection through national research system as well as proprietary research will be encouraged. The endeavour will be to build a well organized, efficient and result-oriented agriculture research and education syste m to introduce technological change in Indian agriculture. Upgradation of agricultural education and its orientation towards uniformity in education standards, women empowerment, user-orientation, vocationalization and promotion of excellence will be the hallmark of the new policy..The research and extension linkages will be strengthened to improve quality and effectiveness of research and extension system. The extension system will be broad-based and revitalized. Innovative and deconcentrate institutional changes will be introduced to make the extension system farmer-responsible and farmer-accountable. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Farmers Organizations, Cooperatives, corporate sector and para-technicians in agricultural extension will be encouraged for organizing demand-driven production systems. Development of human resources through capacity building and skill upgradation of public extension functionaries and other extension functi onaries will be accorded a high priority. The Government will endeavour to move towards a regime of financial sustainability of extension services through effecting in a phased manner, a more hard-nosed cost recovery of extension services and inputs, while simultaneously safeguarding the interests of the poor and the vulnerable groups.Mainstreaming gender concerns in agriculture will receive particular attention. discriminate structural, functional and institutional measures will be initiated to empower women and build their capabilities and improve their access to inputs, technology and other farming resources.Inputs ManagementAdequate and timely supply of quality inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, bio-pesticides, agricultural machinery and credit at reasonable rates to farmers will be the endeavour of the Government. Soil interrogatory and quality testing of fertilisers and seeds will be ensured and supply of spurious inputs will be checked. Balanced and optimum use of fertilizers will be promoted together with use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers to optimize the efficiency of nutrient use.Development, production and distribution of improved varieties of seeds and planting materials and strengthening and expansion of seed and plant certification system with private sector participation will receive a high priority. A National Seed Grid will be established to ensure supply of seeds especially to areas affected by natural calamities. The National Seeds Corporation (NSC) and State Farms Corporation of India (SFCI) will be restructured for efficient utilization of investment and manpower.Protection to plant varieties through a sui generis legislation, will be granted to encourage research and breeding of new varieties particularly in the private sector in line with Indias obligations under TRIPS Agreement. The farmers will, however, be allowed their traditional rights to save, use, exchange, share and sell their farm saved se eds except as branded seeds of protected varieties for commercial purpose. The interests of the researchers will also be safeguarded in carrying out research on proprietary varieties to develop new varieties.Integrated pest management and use of biotic agents in order to minimize the indiscriminate and injudicious use of chemical pesticides will be the cardinal principle covering plant protection. Selective and eco-friendly farm mechanization through appropriate technology will be promoted, with special reference to rainfed farming to reduce arduous work and to make agriculture efficient and competitive as also to increase crop productivity.Incentives for AgricultureThe Government will endeavour to create a favourable economic environment for increasing capital formation and farmers own investments by removal of distortions in the incentive regime for agriculture, improving the terms of trade with manufacturing sectors and bringing about external and domestic market reforms backed by rationalization of domestic tax structure. It will seek to bestow on the agriculture sector in as many respects as realistic benefits similar to those obtaining in the manufacturing sector, such as easy availability of credit and other inputs, and infrastructure facilities for development of agri-business industries and development of effective delivery systems and freed movement of agro produce. outcome upon dismantling of Quantitative Restrictions on imports as per WTO Agreement on Agriculture, commodity-wise strategies and arrangements for protecting the grower from adverse impact of undue price fluctuations in world markets and for promoting exports will be formulated. Apart from price competition, other aspects of marketing such as quality, choice, health and bio-safety will be promoted. Exports of horticultural produce and marine products will receive particular emphasis. A two-fold long term strategy of diversification of agricultural produce and value addition enabling t he production system to respond to external environment and creating export demand for the commodities produced in the country will be evolved with a view to providing the farmers incremental income from export earnings. A favourable economic environment and supportive public management system will be created for promotion of agricultural exports. Quarantine, both of exports and imports, will be given particular attention so that Indian agriculture is protected from the ingress of exotic pests and diseases.In order to protect the interest of farmers in context of removal of Quantitative Restrictions, continuous monitoring of international prices will be undertaken and appropriate tariffs protection will be provided. Import duties on manufactured commodities used in agriculture will be rationalized. The domestic agricultural market will be liberalized and all controls and regulations hindering increase in farmers income will be reviewed and abolished to ensure that agriculturists rec eive prices commensurate with their efforts, investment. Restrictions on the movement of agricultural commodities throughout the country will be progressively dismantled.The structure of taxes on foodgrains and other commercial crops will be reviewed and rationalized. Similarly, the excise duty on materials such as farm machinery and implements, fertilizers, etc., used as inputs in agricultural production, post harvest storage and processing will be reviewed. prehend measures will be adopted to ensure that agriculturists by and large remain outside the regulatory and tax collection systems. Farmers will be exempted from payment of capital gains tax on compulsory acquisition of agricultural land.Investments in AgricultureThe agriculture sector has been starved of capital. There has been a decline in the public sector investment in the agriculture sector. Public investment for narrowing regional imbalances, accelerating development of supportive infrastructure for agriculture and rur al development particularly rural connectivity will be stepped up. A time-bound strategy for rationalisation and transparent pricing of inputs will be formulated to encourage judicious input use and to generate resources for agriculture. Input subsidy reforms will be pursued as a combination of price and institutional reforms to cut down costs of these inputs for agriculture. choice allocation regime will be reviewed with a view to rechannelizing the available resources from support measures towards assets formation in rural sector.A conducive climate will be created through a favourable price and trade regime to promote farmers own investments as also investments by industries producing inputs for agriculture and agro-based industries. Private sector investments in agriculture will also be encouraged more particularly in areas like agricultural research, human resource development, post-harvest management and marketing. countryfied electrification will be given a high priority as the prime mover for agricultural development. The quality and availability of electricity supply will be improved and the demand of the agriculture sector will be met adequately in a reliable and cost effective manner. The use of new and renewable sources of energy for irrigation and other agricultural purposes will also be encouraged.Bridging the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized, completion of all on-going projects, restoration and modernization of irrigation infrastructure including drainage, evolving and implementing an integrated plan of augmentation and management of national water resources will receive special attention for augmenting the availability and use of irrigation water.Emphasis will be hardened on development of marketing infrastructure and techniques of preservation, storage and transportation with a view to reducing post-harvest losses and ensuring a better return to the grower. The weekly biennial markets under the direct control of Panchay at Raj institutions will be upgraded and strengthened. Direct marketing and pledge financing will be promoted. Producers markets on the lines of Ryatu Bazars will be encouraged throughout the width and breadth of the country. Storage facilities for different kinds of agricultural products will be created in the production areas or nearby places particularly in the rural areas so that the farmers can transport their produce to these places immediately after harvest in shortest possible time. The establishment of cold chains, provision of pre-cooling facilities to farmers as a service and cold storage in the terminal markets and improving the retail marketing arrangements in urban areas, will be given priority. Upgradation and dissemination of market intelligence will receive particular attention.Setting up of agro-processing units in the producing areas to reduce wastage, especially of horticultural produce, increased value addition and creation of off-farm employment in rural areas will be encouraged. Collaboration between the producer cooperatives and the corporate sector will be encouraged to promote agro-processing industry. An interactive duad between technology, economy, environment and society will be promoted for speedy development of food and agro-processing industries and building up a substantial base for production of value added agro-products for domestic and export markets with a strong emphasis on food safety and quality. The Small Farmers Agro Business Consortium (SFAC) will be energized to cater to the inescapably of farmer entrepreneurs and promote public and private investments in agri-business.Institutional StructureIndian agriculture is characterized by pre-dominance of small and marginal farmers. Institutional reforms will be so pursued as to channelize their energies for achieving greater productivity and production. The approach to rural development and land reforms will focus on the following areas consolidation of holdings all over t he country on the pattern of north-western StatesRedistribution of ceiling surplus lands and waste lands among the landless farmers, unemployed youth with initial start-up capitalTenancy reforms to accept the rights of the tenants and share croppersDevelopment of lease markets for increasing the size of holdings by making legal provisions for giving private lands on lease for cultivation and agri-businessupdate and improvement of land records, computerization and issue of land pass-books to the farmers, andRecognition of womens rights in land.The rural poor will be increasingly involved in the capital punishment of land reforms with the help of Panchayati Raj Institutions, Voluntary Groups, Social Activists and Community Leaders.Private sector participation will be promoted through contract farming and land leasing arrangements to allow accelerated technology transfer, capital inflow and assured markets for crop production, especially of oilseeds, cotton and horticultural crops.Pr ogressive institutionalization of rural and farm credit will be continued for providing timely and adequate credit to farmers. The rural credit institutions will be geared to promote savings, investments and risk management. Particular attention will be paid to removal of distortions in the priority sector lending by commercial banks for agriculture and rural sectors. Special measures will be taken for revamping of cooperatives to leave off institutional and financial weaknesses and evolving simplified procedure for sanction and outlay of agriculture credit. The endeavour will be to ensure distribution equity in the disbursement of credit. Micro-credit will be promoted as an effective tool for alleviating poverty. Self Help Group Bank linkage system, suited to Indian rural sector, will be developed as a supplementary mechanism for bringing the rural poor

University Tuition Costs are Too High Essay -- College Costs Are Out O

The cost of tuition for higher education is quickly rising slope. Over half of college freshmen show some byplay with how to pay for college. This is the highest this number has been since 1971 (Marill and OLeary 64-66, 93). The amount of college graduate debt has been rapidly increasing also. With limited jobs available because of the high unemployment tramp, college graduates find themselves staying in debt even longer. Although grants and financial concern are available to students, students still struggle to pay for their college tuition. Higher education costs are prohibitively expensive because the states revenue is low, the unemployment gait is high, and graduates cannot pay off their student loans.One reason that higher education is not affordable is that the states revenue is low and the states are in debt. Because of their decreasing tax revenue revenues, many states need to make cuts in their budget. As a result of this, tuition is rising and other changes a re happening throughout colleges. Some of these changes imply higher student to faculty ratios, less but larger classes, and fewer on-campus jobs that normally support students (Hulsey 24). These changes affect students and impact their view and decisions of certain colleges. The tuition rate has also been rising at about 6 percent a year for most of the past ten years (Marill and OLeary 64-66, 93). This percent needs makes it harder for students to find an affordable college. High tuition prices also keep some people from attending their dream college. All of these changes have an effect on the students and the rising tuition prices.Another result of the different states being in debt is that they are giving colleges less financial help. Prior to ... ...or all students. One reason for this is that the states revenue is low. High unemployment rates also contribute to this problem. Another cause of this is the inability of students to pay off their loans. Nearly two-thi rds of college freshmen feel concerned about how to pay for college and closely the same amount graduate with debt (Marill and OLeary 64-66, 93). Since high tuition and loans drastically affect a person, many students feel forced to take this into consideration when reservation plans for their future. Many plans and dreams that high school students have become altered when reality hits them about the cost of continuing their education. Therefore, students just cannot afford higher education.

Hamlet :: essays research papers

Shakespeares characterization of village changes through the course of the play. It is most evident in an examination of his soliloquies. The progression of Hamlet is from an innocent person to a murderous madman.In Act II, Hamlet is blaming himself for many problems. He is umbrageous with himself because he has through nothing with his plan to kill Claudius. It also bothers Hamlet he is not as emotional as the actor on the stage, who is line drawing him. O, what a knave and peasant slave am I/Is it not monstrous that this player here,/But in fiction, in a dream of passion,/Could soak up his soul so to his own self-esteem/That from her working all his visage wannd,/Tears in his eyes, distraction ins aspect,/A broken voice, and his wholly function suiting. With forms to his conceit?In this soliloquy, he is questioning how other people become emotional. He asks what Hecuba means to the mere actor on stage, who cried because of her. He wonders what he would do, had the actor had the akin reasons to cry as Hamlet had. He saysWhats Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, /that he should weep for her?/What would he do,/Had he the motive and the instigate for passion that I have? He answers his own questions. He says that the actor would drown the stage with tears and cleave the general ear with horrid speech. He does not bubble slightly his mother at all in this soliloquy. He is, however, still disgusted by what has just happened. He hates Claudius and talks about him more in this soliloquy. He saysI should have fatted all the region kites/With this slaves offal bloody, bawdy villain/Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain Towards the complete of the play, he comes up with yet some other plan to find out for sure if Claudius indeed murdered his father. He stops assaulting himself and starts to talk more declaratively about his new plan. make up at the really start of Hamlets soliloquy in Act III, it is evident that he is in a more thoughtful mood. To be, or not to be that is the question/Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer/The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,/And by opposing end them? These are Hamlets well-known lines. He is not attacking himself in this soliloquy rather he is contemplating an issue. He is talking about man as a whole, as opposed to himself personally.Hamlet essays research papers Shakespeares characterization of Hamlet changes through the course of the play. It is most evident in an examination of his soliloquies. The progression of Hamlet is from an innocent person to a murderous madman.In Act II, Hamlet is blaming himself for many problems. He is angry with himself because he has done nothing with his plan to kill Claudius. It also bothers Hamlet he is not as emotional as the actor on the stage, who is portraying him. O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I/Is it not monstrous that this player here,/But in fiction, in a dream of passion,/Could for ce his soul so to his own conceit/That from her working all his visage wannd,/Tears in his eyes, distraction ins aspect,/A broken voice, and his whole function suiting. With forms to his conceit?In this soliloquy, he is questioning how other people become emotional. He asks what Hecuba means to the mere actor on stage, who cried because of her. He wonders what he would do, had the actor had the same reasons to cry as Hamlet had. He saysWhats Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, /that he should weep for her?/What would he do,/Had he the motive and the cue for passion that I have? He answers his own questions. He says that the actor would drown the stage with tears and cleave the general ear with horrid speech. He does not talk about his mother at all in this soliloquy. He is, however, still disgusted by what has just happened. He hates Claudius and talks about him more in this soliloquy. He saysI should have fatted all the region kites/With this slaves offal bloody, bawdy villain/Remorsel ess, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain Towards the end of the play, he comes up with yet another plan to find out for sure if Claudius indeed murdered his father. He stops assaulting himself and starts to talk more declaratively about his new plan.Even at the very start of Hamlets soliloquy in Act III, it is evident that he is in a more thoughtful mood.To be, or not to be that is the question/Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer/The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,/And by opposing end them? These are Hamlets well-known lines. He is not attacking himself in this soliloquy rather he is contemplating an issue. He is talking about mankind as a whole, as opposed to himself personally.